The Philippines in 2022: Elections, Omicron, and a Delayed Recovery

Written for The Diplomat

The year 2021 ended tragically for the Philippines as Typhoon Rai (known locally as Odette) battered the southern part of the country, including prime tourism destinations. Recovery had barely begun when the Omicron variant once again plunged the country into panic, in addition to triggering a new set of mobility restrictions. The year 2022 is shaping up to be a tougher year, but many Filipinos are pinning their hopes on the changes that the upcoming presidential election will bring.

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The Options for Duterte’s Post-Presidency

Written for The Diplomat

Rodrigo Duterte’s presidency will come to an end on June 30, but he has been packing up his things at the Malacañang presidential palace since February. The country’s first president from Mindanao island will return to his home in Davao City where he served as mayor for nearly three decades.

Duterte was invited to be the anti-drug czar of the incoming Marcos government but his spokesperson said he is not keen on accepting the role. His executive secretary subsequently divulged that he is preparing to teach at a police academy in Davao. Duterte was a former prosecutor before his appointment as vice mayor in 1986

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IFEX Regional Brief: October, November, December 2021

October 2021: A Nobel for journalism, a mass release of prisoners, and a raft of repressive new laws. Maria Ressa became the first Filipino Nobel laureate for her work as a journalist and truth crusader. Journalists were among the prisoners released in Myanmar, but 20 are still in detention. Several laws that could undermine freedom of expression were passed in October including the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill in Singapore. Read more

November 2021. #MeToo in China, prisoner release in Cambodia, and landmark legislation in Pakistan. A Chinese tennis star has accused a former high-ranking member of China’s Politburo of sexual assault. Cambodia has released 27 prisoners, but this is probationary and they could be rearrested. Pakistan’s National Assembly has passed landmark legislation intended to protect journalists, but an amendment has rights groups concerned. Read more

December 2021. Hong Kong’s bleak scenario, court convictions, and a Nobel call to action. Publisher Jimmy Lai received another prison sentence in Hong Kong, pro-democracy news websites were forced to shut down in the aftermath of police raids, alarming court convictions in Myanmar and Vietnam, and a powerful Nobel lecture by Maria Ressa. Read more

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When analysts get it wrong about the Philippine Left

Published by Bulatlat

Joma Sison said he became a Marxist after reading anti-communist books in schools. I wonder how many activists became more radicalized after reading analysts and columnists who specialize in denigrating the national democratic struggle. I remember a scholar who wrote that NatDem activists are supposedly only good at name-calling before accusing his campus critics of being ‘baby Stalinists’. I don’t think he noticed the irony in his argument. I would often encounter writers like him not just in the academe but also in mainstream media publications, most notably opinion columns. Reading them is no fun but helpful in improving our praxis. We become more effective organizers if we know how to counter the anti-Left narrative being peddled in opinion-making institutions.

Writers who do not deny their anti-Left bias and Rightist political orientation are easier to dismiss. I can point out the twisting of facts and malicious interpretation of events as fanatic defense of their politician backers and irrational hatred of radical politics. But there are also writers who claim to be analyzing and explaining the political situation without the baggage of the anti-Left lens, even if they wielded state power by being cozy with the ruling bourgeois party. There are even those who equate their unabashedly anti-Left scholarship with the progressive objective of making politics more democratic.

These writings often get a boost through direct and indirect patronage from state-sponsored agencies. The anti-Left analysis is amplified until it becomes the standard reference and frame in news reports and academic papers. Worse, it is weaponized too by Right-wing trolls in justifying the demonization and even violence targeting Leftist activists.

Of course, the Left is given the opportunity to issue a rejoinder and assert its politics in the civic space. However, it rests on the assumption that the Left can push back without triggering a brutal backlash from well-entrenched reactionary forces. Or that in the so-called free market of ideas, the State plays the role of a disinterested spectator when anti-Left perspectives are circulated. Unless there is an upsurge in revolutionary movements, the ruling class is able to restrict what kind of information may proliferate in society to preserve the status quo. We thrive from exchanging Leftist viewpoints but it is always drowned out by massive anti-Left propaganda.

As an ascendant political movement, the Left has to be accountable for its actions. It should welcome criticism and engage those who question its politics. So far, no one has been prevented from doing this. There is no dearth of materials criticizing and even condemning the history and politics of the NatDem Left. These are used to extend the expired validity of Red scare tactics and ridicule the long-running communist movement in the country.

Deliberate or not, the glaring error of some partisan critics of the Left is to polemicize with a distorted sense of history and improper reading of the local political landscape. In their attempt to be seen as impartial observers, they criticize the Left and the Right as if both are equally liable for what has happened to our country. There is no mention of the important fact that the Left, despite its superior moral clout, has no control of the bureaucracy and national treasury. When they highlight the excesses and failures of the Left, they uncritically compare it with the crimes of the Right. It is the Right that has had an uninterrupted dominance in government but some critics have been depicting the Left’s struggle for justice and democracy as the principal cause of the tragic state of our nation.

Even the Left’s participation in elections is subjected to constant derision. The main flaw in the seemingly fair evaluation of the Left’s performance in the polls is the naïve thinking that the electoral playing field is equitable. The Left’s electoral numbers are dissected and flaunted without being placed in the context of a fraud-prone voting system manipulated by money, patronage, and foreign meddling. How should we interpret the votes garnered by Leftist candidates? That they are too low to qualify for a Senate seat? Or enough to maintain a growing electoral base while deflecting the nonstop violent attacks of state-backed forces? Other political parties can focus on vote-getting activities but Makabayan and its candidates are forced to contend with and defeat the insidious black propaganda operations of groups linked to government machinery. That Makabayan parties continue to be reelected despite facing numerous obstacles is proof of their enduring appeal and influence in the grassroots.

But I want to probe too if Makabayan’s modest success in the parliamentary arena is also misconstrued as an indication of the Left attaining a significant presence in mainstream politics. Because even if the Left has representation in Congress (for now) and some local government units, it remains to be a minority voice and marginalized political force. Its electoral work is just part of a broader struggle for social transformation. Hence, its tactics and strategies are seen to be out of place in traditional politics. This will naturally elicit various reactions from all sides of the political spectrum including reactionary pundits who are inevitably hostile and paranoid to Leftist campaigning. The same experts who nitpick on every move of the Left but refuse to use the same standards in writing about corrupt politicians and elite parties. Some are well-meaning even if they only manage to embarrass themselves for spreading misanalysis.

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Defund Duterte’s disinformation machinery

Published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer

The Duterte administration’s so-called “whole-of-nation” approach in dealing with the communist movement has been exposed as nothing more than a costly “coordinated inauthentic behavior.”

It is infuriating that public funds were utilized to spread disinformation targeting activists, leftists, and other critics of the government.

The military said it supports the advocacy of the social media pages removed by Facebook. This is an incriminating admission, since the banned accounts are known for red-tagging, demonization of activism, vilification of people’s resistance, and promoting hate and even violence against leaders of activist groups.

It would have made a lot of sense if the military cyberunits used the resources generously provided by the state to challenge Chinese trolls and counter the illegal claims of the Chinese government that violate our sovereignty. This is an advocacy worth supporting without the need to resort to disinformation.

We call on legislators to defund the disinformation machinery of the Duterte administration. Congress should rigorously study the military budget and impose stringent requirements to ensure that public funds are not used to commit human rights abuses.

There should be an official investigation and audit regarding the funds used for the military’s disinformation campaign. The Facebook findings should be made a reference to probe the liability of army officers involved in the illegal cyberoperation. Those found guilty must be penalized and be made to account for their crimes.

This is not a victimless crime. Duterte and the military weaponized social media to harass, intimidate, and terror-tag numerous activists. This insidious propaganda operation is often followed by actual acts of violence directed against activists, which include instances of enforced disappearances, frustrated murder, and extrajudicial killings.

We continue to ask all tech companies not to be complicit in Duterte’s reign of terror.

We reiterate our demand for the junking of the “whole-of-nation” approach and, instead, pursue a policy that will genuinely address the roots of the armed conflict.

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Political Dynasties Dominate Philippines Election — Again

Written for The Diplomat

The election victory of Ferdinand Marcos Jr. in this month’s Philippine presidential election reflected the continuing dominance of political dynasties in the country’s political life.

The return of the Marcoses has reminded many about the dangers of a single family monopolizing political power. The social problems engendered by the dominance of political dynasties certainly did not begin with the rise of the Marcoses nor did they disappear after the family was deposed in 1986. Politics over the past three decades has continued to be infected with cronyism, patronage, violence, corruption, and elitism, which have led to mass cynicism and dissatisfaction. That the next president is another Marcos highlights the tragedy and paradox of modern Philippine politics. It is tragic because no substantial accountability has been pursued against those who benefited from placing the country under dictatorship; and unreal because we are so outraged by what’s happening in the country yet we feel the political system is designed in a way that would only allow dynasties to remain in power

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No Honeymoon for the Marcos Presidency?

Written for The Diplomat

The Commission on Elections (Comelec) has junked several cases seeking the disqualification of former Senator Ferdinand Marcos Jr., which could pave the way for his proclamation as the next president of the Philippines after garnering a sizeable lead in this week’s presidential election.

Marcos ran on a platform of building unity in the country. Can he convince those who suffered during the Martial Law years to unite with him even if he continues to deny that atrocities were committed in the past? Is unity possible between Marcoses and other political forces which wanted to reclaim the ill-gotten wealth of the family? What kind of unity will Marcos promote if the demands for truth, justice, and accountability are addressed to his own family?

It is too early for Marcos to celebrate because even if the voting has ended, the political opposition is not eager to surrender the fight for what they think is right and just for the nation’s future.

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Duterte’s deadly legacy

Published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer

The specter of unabated killings is the brutal legacy of the Duterte administration.

President Duterte waged a bloody war on drugs that led to thousands of killings. Most of the victims are suspected petty drug users, peddlers, and barangay bystanders. The police went on a deadly “tokhang” rampage but failed to end the drug menace.

Mr. Duterte relentlessly attacked activists, leftists, opposition leaders, and critics. Many of them became victims of extrajudicial killings. These include lawyers, environmentalists, indigenous peoples, farmers, reporters, local officials, peace consultants, and human rights defenders.

We believe these are state-sponsored killings that Mr. Duterte enabled through official and unofficial policies and declarations. From “tokhang” directives to martial law in Mindanao and the imposition of a state of lawlessness in Negros and Samar islands, the Duterte administration weaponized the bureaucracy, which led to fatal consequences. It has to be made accountable for legitimizing the attacks against urban poor residents, activists, and rural communities.

Mr. Duterte’s anticommunist rhetoric demonized the work of activists. He criminalized activism by linking the advocacies of people’s organizations with armed struggle. Suspected communist sympathizers are harassed, red-tagged, charged with trumped-up cases, and targeted by death squads.

In 2020, Mr. Duterte’s bungled COVID-19 response led to several unnecessary deaths. His criminal neglect has worsened the suffering of the people. His militarist and harsh lockdown restrictions have curtailed the rights of workers. Official COVID-19 monitoring does not count the number of people who died because of lockdown impositions, the overkill deployment of troops in communities, and those who were deprived of hospital health care.

We remember the victims of “tokhang.” We honor the lives of activists who were killed for bringing light to this world. We mourn those who died this year because of government incompetence and repression. The struggle continues until we achieve justice.

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Muog na Buo: Song of the resistance

Published by Bulatlat

The Philippine revolution has long baffled political scientists. It emerged in an archipelago dominated by an imperialist power and thrived even after the disintegration of the communist bloc. There’s no socialist rear offering refuge to armed revolutionaries. There’s no industrial base where Soviet-style insurrections can immediately take place. There are only islands in this part of the Pacific Ring of Fire dotted with active volcanoes and faultlines. Yet, a Maoist-inspired revolution is being waged here in the past half-century. A fluke of history? Not if we link it to the country’s anti-colonial struggle. From local revolts spanning 80 years to establishing Asia’s first republic, Filipino islanders have persisted in resisting colonial bondage. They proved how political revolution would prevail over the divide-and-rule strategy of the colonizers which gave birth to the Philippine nation. It was an epic struggle that united the islands amid fierce and bitter divisions among Christians, Muslims, and ethnic communities. But imperialism became the new plague after the demise of colonialism, and the nation was relegated into a neocolony. It meant the pursuit of nation-building under the tutelage of a foreign power. The islands were targeted (read: plundered) for their precious resources but wealth was hoarded somewhere else. This legitimized dispossession was challenged by the resurgence of the national liberation movement. Those who profit from the exploitation of our lands are the most rabid in demonizing the people’s resistance. They spread the self-serving lie that revolutions would only doom our future. But against the expectations of the conservative establishment, the struggle has lasted up to this day. It was supposed to be dead or dying yet it kept on appearing as a specter haunting the elite.

The song ‘Muog na Buo’ alludes to the specific character of the struggle for national democracy in the Philippines. It highlights the aim of revolutionaries to turn the scattered isles (kalat-kalat na pulo) into a solid fortress (muog na buo). It is a reminder that the Maoist doctrine of protracted war from the countryside to the cities cannot be dogmatically applied to the Philippines which has a different history, political landscape, and geographical terrain. It is a celebration of the creativity and tenacity of Filipino revolutionaries who have enriched the Marxist theory of struggle in an archipelagic setting. It validates the enduring legacy of our anti-colonial heroes who sought to unite the nation by waging a war for independence. This is how the unfinished revolution will hasten the arrival of a new political future:

Narito tayo para sa pagkakaisa, pagsulong
Narito tayo para sa masang aping Pilipino
Narito tayo para ang kalat-kalat na pulo
Magiging muog na buo

We are here for unity, forward advance
We are here for the oppressed Filipino masses
We are here to turn our scattered isles
Into a solid fortress

Then and now, it is through political struggle that our people were able to overcome our isolation from each other in order to build a common stand against local and foreign oppressors. Solidarity countered the destructive effect of divisive politics. Centuries of promoting a type of island mentality that pits natives against each other made it more difficult for progressive forces to introduce a new type of politics. Hence, the need for a continuing cultural revolution to fight old values and habits with an empowering outlook in life and politics.

Again, the song ‘Muog na Buo’ speaks about the experience of many activists grappling with the contradictions brought about by their world-building praxis. At first, it mentions the individual engaged in political struggle guided by revolutionary theory. Later, the individual who believes he or she is changing the world (Narito ako / I am here) proclaims the necessity of collective struggle (Narito tayo / We are here). This is not an abrupt transformation but an arduous struggle which only confirms that genuinely embracing revolutionary politics will significantly change the self. It is not an aimless journey of an enlightened individual to some utopian destination but a basic political undertaking that features painstaking grassroots organizing, creative application of theory and tactics, building community power, and reframing everyday politics into a platform that can allow ordinary citizens to link arms with both kasamas and strangers to seize the day and win a new future.

Like the foolish old man who wanted to remove a mountain in the Chinese fable, there are also stubborn Filipino islanders who believe they can turn the 7,600 islands into a solid rock.

*The lyrics of the song Muog na Buo was penned by Silvia Madiaga

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Introducing the Colors of the Philippine Election

Written for The Diplomat

Candidates in the ongoing Philippine presidential campaign have relied on certain colors as part of their political branding. By choosing a particular color, candidates aim to unify supporters and mobilize them to reach out to more voters. Their success or popularity in the campaign trail is made more visible through the colors they have chosen.

It is expected that these colors will continue to compete for dominance ahead of the elections scheduled for May 9. These colors are useful for candidates and they make the campaign activities more visually attractive, but they can be a disservice to voters who may think that a color is an adequate substitute for the type of campaigning that promotes political parties, their platforms, and the track record of their leaders.

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How Long Will Rodrigo Duterte Remain Neutral in the Philippine Election?

Written for The Diplomat

During a recent provincial election rally, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte reiterated his decision about not endorsing any presidential candidate, despite several hints that he is poised to anoint former Senator Ferdinand Marcos Jr. as his successor. Duterte has endorsed the local and senatorial candidates of his party but he stopped short of naming his choice for president by claiming that he is neutral.

Duterte could be simply being coy but it is more likely that he is just biding his time and waiting for the right political moment before making an announcement. As a cunning veteran politician, Duterte is known for making contradictory statements intended to confuse the public, especially his rivals. This is evident not just in his remarks but also in the actions of his subordinates.

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IFEX Asia Regional Briefs: July, August, September 2021

July 2021: #FOEwatch in Malaysia, Hong Kong freedom in ‘tatters’, Kem Ley, and arrests in Vietnam. Artists and activists summoned by Malaysian police, the continuing fight for justice five years after Kem Ley’s death in Cambodia, Hong Kong media freedom in ‘tatters’, alarming arrests and convictions in Vietnam, released journalists share their prison ordeal in Myanmar, and Pegasus spyware in India. Read more

August 2021: Protecting journalists in Afghanistan, #Lawan protest in Malaysia, and shrinking civic space in Hong Kong. Groups called for the protection of journalists and citizens at risk in Afghanistan, participants of #Lawan protests were summoned by the police in Malaysia, threats forced Hong Kong’s largest teachers’ union and pro-democracy coalition to disband, regulations against disinformation were introduced in Thailand and South Korea, and women journalists Rozina Islam, Maria Ressa, and Cheng Lei remained defiant despite facing persecution. Read more

September 2021: Attacks against alternative media, #FreeZhangZhan, and historic RTI victory in Sri Lanka. Two alternative media websites were targeted by cyberattacks in the Philippines, while an independent news website was forced to stop operating in Singapore. Human rights groups call for the humanitarian release of lawyer and journalist Zhang Zhan in China. A landmark court ruling in Sri Lanka led to the disqualification of an official based on evidence obtained through the Right to Information Act. Read more

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Duterte, Duque, and the IATF generals

Published by Bayan Metro Manila

As health workers press for a two-week timeout, we assert that it’s time to go for Duque, IATF generals, and even President Rodrigo Duterte.

We share the observation that the government’s COVID-19 response has been largely ineffective in containing the spread of the virus. We blame the inept leadership of Duque, the IATF dominated by retired generals, and Duterte.

Duterte’s militaristic approach has only led to economic woes, displacement, and human rights abuses.

Our alarming situation today is the result of the reluctance to conduct mass testing, the failure to enhance the country’s healthcare capacity, and the absence of a comprehensive medical solution to the pandemic. This reflects a leadership bereft of vision and empathy for ordinary citizens.

Duterte was quick to ask for emergency powers to realign public funds and secure loans but his government has been criminally negligent in extending assistance to the needy.

Nasaan ang ayuda? Nasaan ang plano?

His government imposed repressive lockdown measures without enforcing a holistic program in dealing with the harsh impact of the pandemic. Instead, he relied on the police and military to lead the government’s response instead of mobilizing health experts. He focused on silencing the media and passing the draconian Terror Law instead of prioritizing how his government will attend to the social welfare needs of the people.

We caution against the return to the Duterte-style ECQ which only worsened the suffering of many. We remember how hard lockdowns saw the heavy deployment of troops in communities but failed to reverse the surging number of COVID-19 cases.

We need a new approach guided by scientific thinking, transparent governance, and democratic principles. This paradigm is the exact opposite of what Duterte and his generals at the IATF are doing. At the minimum, the IATF needs to be revamped. Duterte’s handling of the crisis is also an ominous indicator of his capability to lead in the next two years.

In other words, if Duterte is unable to lead the country, and as he continues to spew out dangerous suggestions to the public (gasoline as disinfectant), it is only proper that we call for a new leadership. Duterte said in his recent Sona: ‘Buhay muna bago ang lahat’. We agree. To save Filipino lives and in order for us to survive the pandemic, it’s time for Duterte to go.

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